New Student Photo Series 2010 Post #29 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 â€" Post #29 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This entry will likely conclude our series on new student photos for this summer.   Thank you to everyone that participated! Timothy Sandole is responsible for the first set.   He will be pursuing his MIA degree. __________________________ A Sarajevo Rose is a concrete scar caused by a mortar shells explosion that was later filled with red resin.   Because Sarajevo was a site of intense urban warfare and suffered thousands of shell explosions during the Bosnian war of the 1990s, the marked concrete patterns are a unique feature to the city.   If time was taken to fill the concrete scar with the red resin, this marked where an individual lost their life. Jahorina Mountain was the site of the 1984 Yugoslavian Winter Olympics for womens alpine skiing.   The moutain is located directly southeast of Sarajevo.   In this picture, a military installation of the Bosnian-Serb army is left in ruins possibly due to the bombing campaign by NATO forces during 1990s war. BaÅ¡carÅ¡ija is the main street of Sarajevo and one of its landmarks. It is located in the old town part of Sarajevo, designed in the OttomanTurkish style. It has souvenir shops and public fountains, and contains a bazaar that sells metalwork, jewellery and pottery. Each street is dedicated to a craft. It was built in the 16th century. Stari Most is a 16th century bridge in the city of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina that crosses the river Neretva and connects two parts of the city. The Old Bridge stood for 427 years, until it was destroyed on November 9, 1993 during the Bosnian War. Subsequently, a project was set in motion to reconstruct it, and the rebuilt bridge opened on July 23, 2004. __________________________ This next set was submitted by Gregg Sgambati, an incoming EMPA student. __________________________ US-Mexico border in Nogales, AZ / Nogales, Mexico US/Mexico border pictures are interesting to me, not because of the contrast of poor, undeveloped infrastructure on one side in comparison to the other, but because of the Mexican population living next to the wall and the disparity with the US sidein this case: Nogales, US population: 20,0000, Nogales, Mexico population, 159,000. Photo #4: A huge Buddha phantasm floating in the Kadamapa Buddha temple in Glen Spey, NY.  A wonderful retreat for city dwellers to enjoy solitude and have a chance to learn the introspection that Buddhism teaches. Homeless or perhaps sleeping, this person huddles on the stoop of an abandoned building in Brooklyn, NY.  New Yorkers are immune to the sense of human defeatism on their front stoops and streets. Off of the northern coast of Honduras, a group of Garfiunas take to sea to gather a particular type of sand from a remote shore to use for building a home.  The Garifunas are  descendants  of African slaves (brought to Honduras to work on the sugar plantations) and the Carib  (indian) people whose history is rather legendary.  Look them up!

Moral Development of an Adolescent - 1556 Words

In his Stages of Moral Development, Lawrence Kohlberg states that human beings progress from a Preconventional Level of moral development (in which they refer to rules imposed by others) to a Postconventional Level of moral development (in which they refer to rules imposed from within themselves). Just as Kohlberg states, adolescents undergo moral growth in stages. They may be easily influenced by peers or by environmental cues, but most teens grow to assert impressive measures of responsibility in their moral growth. Identification With Role Models that affets moral development of adolescents: 1. The first positive role model that any child should have is a parent. Nevertheless, many parents fail to realize the value of modeling positive†¦show more content†¦Such contrasting views of adolescence are common throughout the twentieth century and appear in many research findings. During the 1960s, for instance, American youth (adolescents as well as post-adolescents) were derided by some for their selfishness, lack of values, and radical individualism, whereas others praised their moral commitments to alleviating racism and poverty and their efforts to bring an end to a war. In turn, during the late 1980s and the 1990s, a number of commentators have maintained that society is experiencing moral crisis and breakdown that has led to a rising tide of juvenile delinquency, adolescent drug and alcohol use, and teenage pregnancy and childbearing ( Bennett, 1992 ; Whitehead, 1993 ; Wynne, 1986 ). Overview A variety of theories exist when it comes to deciding just when and where adolescents begin their moral development. Something as important as the moral values that they will enact later in life while making decisions, passing judgment and creating relationships can be influenced by something as small as a schoolyard confrontation, or gentle parental guidance. Each psychologist or expert has a different theory on moral development, all which can help shape the childs moral identity. Theories/Speculation TheShow MoreRelated`` Mean Girls, By Lindsay Lohan Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesPsychologists all over the world have studied the complexity of adolescents and their behaviors through-out this stage of the human life-span. In the movie, Mean Girls, (Waters, 2004) Lindsay Lohan portrays the main actress known as Cady Herron. Unlike most teens, Cady was raised in Africa, with her parents as Zoologists. She was homeschooled for all of her school years, and this would be the first attempt at public school. Cady like most adolescents, finds herself in a rock and a hard place when she is caughtRead MoreMaslow s Theory Of Moral Development1077 Words   |  5 PagesMoral Development What it means to take a â€Å"life span perspective† when considering human development, on the topic of moral development, is that in order to understand the changes and progression of a person’s moral development you have to take in the account that moral development occurs as a result of all the different aspects of life that can promote change, such as social interactions, socioeconomic status, and genetics. The life span perspective uses a multidimensional framework in order toRead MoreAdolescence : A Transition From Adolescence1306 Words   |  6 Pagesplace in society. In some instance, adolescents turn from the legal path and turn to drugs and alcohol. Other adolescence cannot stand the burden of pressure and soon develop social phobias. There are many aspects of adolescence. 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Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 yearsRead MoreSocialisation, Personal Identity, Gender Identity And Gender Roles1313 Words   |  6 Pagesthe individual with the skills and habits necessary for precipitating within one’s society, thus the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained† (Boundless.com, 2015). The process of socialisation involves an individual such as an adolescent to have interactions with various agents of socialisation. Agents of socialisation are factors that play a crucial role in providing an individual with social and cultural skills in accordance with the social norms and standards of the societyRead MoreThe Life Stage Of Adolescence1230 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological Association, 2002). With respect to male masculinity, research suggests that adolescent males are less likely to resist their masculine changes within later adolescent years (Way, et al ., 2014). There are various factors that influence an ideal or normal transition into adolescence. However, many families are not granted such tangible and non-tangible tenants to ensure proper growth and development in and out of this life stage. Such factors such as resistance to physical changes canRead MoreChildren and Sports Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagessports. Children experience character and leadership development through peer relations leading to an increase in self-esteem and a decrease in anxiety levels. Children will get opportunities to experience positive and negative emotions throughout their practice and games trials. It is important for the coach to understand the â€Å"psychology of youth sports and physical activity participation† (Weinberg Gould, 2011 p.516). The type of sport adolescents choose to participate in can be considered masculineRead MoreAdolescence : A Social And Cultural Construct1639 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain the different stages of development. One of the most significant models of psychosocial development was created by Erikson (1963) and the stage related to adolescents is known as the â€Å"Identity vs. Role-Diffusion†, where the one is in constant pursuit of a coherent sense of self during the teenage years. When the teenager is unable to put together aspects of themselves they experience role-diffusion. Later on Elkind (1967) introduced his theory of adolescent egocentrism, explaining the increaseRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Development Theory Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesIn this research project several individuals, both parents and children were surveyed and asked various questions to see what their views on morals and values were and if teaching them had an impactful effect on children. With the sec ondary research conducted the teachings of morals and values will be linked to socialization as well as being looked at through different developmental theories. Many pages in the Individuals and Families, Diverse Perspectives (Holloway, Holloway Witte, 2010) willRead MoreAdolescence Is A Critical Time For A Human1405 Words   |  6 Pages Identity development is a fluid process throughout the human life cycle. Seemingly, adolescence, development after the age of 12 through young adulthood, is the most difficult transitive period in the life cycle. Adolescence is a critical time for a human, because it is the period when various personal roles are examined and one tries to assimilate these roles into a perception of self. Adolescents are struggling to identify different areas in their life such as religious preferences, sexuality

How For A B2b Campaign - 828 Words

How to prepare for a B2B campaign Questions to ask yourself before you start B2B Crowdfunding (Business to Business) is the future of innovation according to Anne Howard, CEO of AnneHowardPR and many marketing professionals agree. Traditionally, crowdfunding has been oriented to B2C campaigns. The problem with these campaigns is that there are so many B2C crowdfunding campaigns that startups get lost among the vast sea of other startups. B2Bs allow for a more focused form of campaigning if approached correctly. There are a few questions which a startup must ask before starting a B2B crowdfunding campaign in order to be successful. Here are some of the most important ones. Will my Crowdfunding present a perceived threat to the business I want to fund my startup? One of the main issues that crowdfunding campaign will face when targeting B2B is the perception of being a threat. Startup businesses, especially those which branch off from small established businesses, may be seen as trying to overtake the business rather than presenting a solution to a problem of the smaller business. It is paramount that a startup establishes a trust with the smaller established businesses. Present a solution to a problem with the reassurance that the new business is not going to be competitive with the business funding the campaign. A business needs to present that it will benefit the investing business both functionally as well as financially to invest. How will you present an ROI to thoseShow MoreRelatedB2B And B2C Marketing Strategies Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C), have emerged which require the employment of different marketing strategies and tools to attract and retain customers. The following sections will provide a comparison of the marketing strategies employed and tools utilized by B2B and B2C e-business sites. 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Research services describe five important consumer behavior factors as; marketing campaigns, economic conditions, personal preferences, group influence, and purchasing power (N.D.). Marketing Campaigns Consumers today are visual people. The visuals of product s impact their decision makingRead MoreHow Mobile Marketing Can Enhance User Experience Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesHow to use Mobile Marketing to enhance User Experience As the screen spaces of mobile devices are limited, especially smartphones, the first principle that only presenting what it really matters when originating the content is a virtue. Besides, since users often have a habit of skipping through post-to-post when browsing on their mobile devices, the screen time of each post is extremely limited or perhaps it is just a three-second trial. No matter to design a content for a post or an advertisement

The Benefits of Essay Topics for Advanced Students

The Benefits of Essay Topics for Advanced Students The way the success of science and technology could be viewed in the health care sector to address critical diseases. The very first step is where a significant number of students become stuck. Students who excel in writing about such complex topic can have an opportunity to be enrolled into a number of the very best Art universities to come up with their abilities and talent. When you're learning a foreign language your main desire is to get started speaking it once possible and hopefully sound like a native speaker. You can receive the ideal custom essay help from us in many topics. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. There are two major means by which you can use the most frequent IELTS essay topics to your benefit. Lucky for you, there are several topics you could concentrate on when writing and it's all your responsibility to figure out the precis e topic that you wish to build on. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make certain to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. You should research the selected topic and discover facts to contradict your primary thesis. You will obviously not have the capability to predict the precise topic that will come up. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. As stated above, one of the means where the examiner judges your vocabulary is the way many topic particular words you use. It will be quite hard to explore a topic if there's not a humorous element you could poke fun at. It is possible to also restate the ideas that you've discussed in the body paragraphs in order to make your point valid. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good idea to start out with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. You must present your topic, cl early, and also your thesis statement that has the function of indicating to your readers what is the probable path of the full work. A conclusion is, undoubtedly, the most essential portion of the argumentative essay as possible either support the excellent impression or destroy it entirely. It gives the overall verdict of the argument. Most Noticeable Essay Topics for Advanced Students So, you won't will need to consider over topics for high school anymore, we'll do that! Attempt to consider what age is excellent for students to date with one another. Some feel parents ought to be allowed to provide permission for their minor children to have tattoos, because they are making the decision for their own children. School tests aren't powerful. Essay Topics for Advanced Students - Dead or Alive? The majority of the questions are on current topics, therefore staying current with what's going on in the world will truly help you think of ideas. The issue is that everybody's int erpretation of what makes a great society differs. Select a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make sure that you know a lot about it! When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Essay Topics for Advanced Students at a Glance Although, you must know there are some rules, for instance, the structure of the essay. You can begin with the kind of topic you pick for your compare and contrast essay. Put simply, the essay should say how you intend to get ready for class. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. A superb essay is one which is simple to read and understand. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. There are invariably a wide selection of opinions on the field of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on this issue. In nearly all of the circumstances, you ought to look for items to compare that have some differences but similarities also. It can be hard to consider about issues and topics off the peak of your head. So now you are aware of how to pick the best compare and contrast topics and the various segments which you have to address when writing. Essay Topics for Advanced Students There are a lot of great choices there when you're searching for songs for in-class pursuits. Plus, it's going to be much more fun to opt for a topic that you love and si mpler to share your own personal thoughts! Since you can see, a number of the topics listed are new and deal with the recent issues happening in the World today. Thus, go at your own pace and attempt to have some fun with the procedure to create decent satire topics which you can take pride in.

Research Proposal for Food Waste Management-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theResearch Proposal for Food Waste Management in Denmark. Answer: Background to the problem Food being the essential component for the survival of human existence is the most powerful and growing industry around the world. Food not only provides the energy and nutrition but also allow us to grow and remain healthy. In the last few decades, the industrial food waste has been recognising as a significant issue of nutritional, social and environmental problems. With a total population of about 5.4 million, a stable business environment, Denmark is one of the highly developed countries. Copenhagen, capital of Denmark alone has 20% of total population of Denmark. Denmark being a highly developed country, people there are too busy and due to busy lifestyle they want to keep themselves physically fit and healthy. In Danish society the importance can be demonstrated with the spending of households over DKK 88,000 million in a year only on food and the agro-chain sector, from production to retail, has a total turnover of DKK 162,000 million in a year(Napier Bjerregaard, 2014). The whole process of the industry in Denmark only emits the largest amount of greenhouse gases, with a significant 7%of total CO2 emission, and if this food is not consumed then the resources used for this much production are wasted. All this has to be controlled with some effective way because if this wastage in food industry is not reducing then there will be a huge problem of lack of resources along with some environmental and social problems. This reduction of food waste can be achieved by different means but among all these means prevention is the best solution. Prevention will reduce the food waste and as well as the resources too(Affald Spild, 2017). Management problem In the last five years Denmark has become one of the leading European countries to fight for the food waste prevention. And the Danish Government has credited a woman, Selina Juul, who came from Russia, for her efforts to reduce the food waste by 25% in Denmark(Rodionova, 2017). To get some effective means for the reduction of over all food waste in Denmark the management of food industry has to analyse the root of the problem. This analysis will require the whole food chain analysis from production to the retail services. For this management has to collect some statistical and study data in terms of primary information and secondary data. This whole process will require the research to be conducted different major sectors responsible for the overall wastage of food which are processing, wholesale retail, food service and Household sector. All these sectors are equally responsible for the total food waste. Therefore, all the primary and secondary data has to be collected for the ind ividual sector in order to get the complete understanding of the problem. Further after collecting the required date management has to decide the suitable type of methodology for the research(Nielsen, 2017). This methodology can be one of the below stated two kinds of researches: Quantitative research Qualitative research After this, management has to make some really important decisions for the selection of the suitable method to conduct the research or study. The management has to decide its strategy and planning to conduct the study in such a way that the adopted method must be adoptable by the company and the outcome the study must be beneficial for the company(Hesse-Biber, 2015). To conduct an effective market research, management has to investigate the following factors about the new product in market: Demand of the market This study will help the management to get the actual demand of the market which is important to control the extra and unnecessary production of the food Market analysis In this particular management has to subgroup the market for its product by distinguishing the gender, personality and choice of the consumers and then management has to supply the quantity of different types of food according to the consumption by different segments of the market Research question The above research problem leads us to get some answers to deal with the management problems: What is the actual demand for food? What is the demand for individual cuisine in the market? What is the supply chain process of different products? Which food is loved most by the market? What is the supply for individual food? Research objective From the above research problem we derived some objectives to complete the research in an effective approach. This research problem provides the following objectives: To assess the activities responsible for the wastage of food and identify the nature and amount of the waste production. To identify and evaluate the food waste prevention in different sectors responsible for the major food waste production. To recommend the effective and suitable management to reduce wastage production. To consider different food waste minimizing methods and identify the good practise for the same(Carraresi Banterle, 2015). References Affald, U., Spild, S. (2017, April). Food Wasste Prevention in Denmark: Identification of Hotspots and Potentias with Life Cycle. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark: https://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2017/04/978-87-93529-80-9.pdf Carraresi, L., Banterle, A. (2015). Agri-food Competitive Performance in EU Countries: A Fifteen- Year Retrospective. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 18(2), 37-61. Hesse-Biber, S. (2015). The Problems and Prespects in the Teaching of Mixed Methods Research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 18(5). Napier, G., Bjerregaard, H. (2014). Towards An International Food Cluster in Denmark. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from Danish Food Cluster: https://danishfoodcluster.dk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TOWARDS-AN-INTERNATIONAL-FOOD-CLUSTER-IN-DENMARK.pdf Nielsen, M. M. (2017). eGovernance Framework for Successful Citizen Use of Online Services: A Danish-Japanese Comparative Analysis. Journal of Democracy (JeDEM), 9(2), 68-109. Rodionova, Z. (2017). Denmark Reduces Food Wastte by 25% in Five Years eith the Help of One Woman- Selina Juul. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from independent: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/denmark-reduce-food-waste-25-per-cent-five-years-help-selina-juul-scandanavia-a7604061.html

An Essay in Education free essay sample

Carlyle regards  men without  education  as  mutilated  beings, and with great force insists that to deprive  men and women  of the  blessings of  education  is as bad as it would be to deprive them of eyes or hands. An uneducated  man may a indeed well be compared to a  blind man. The  blind manhas a very imperfect idea of  the world  in which he lives, as compared with those who have the use of their eyes, and the uneducated labour under a similar  inferiority  of mental vision. While the uneducated man has his mind  confined  to the narrow circle of such unintelligent labour as he is capable of performing,  the educated man  can look far back into the past and forward into the future. His mind is full of great events that happened long ago, about which history gives him information, and from his knowledge of the past he is able to form conjectures about the  social and political condition  to which  the world  is progressing. We will write a custom essay sample on An Essay in Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The uneducated man sees in the heavenly bodies, that illumine the sky by night,  nothing but innumerable specks of light, some more and some less bright. Any one who has learnt astronomy divides them into fixed stars and planets, and form in his mind a conception of the  planets of  the solar system  rolling round the sun, and of countless other greater suns than ours, each of which may have  its own planetary system, occupying the more distant realms of boundless space. By help of the telescope he can map out the seas and mountains of the moon and of the nearer planets, and the spectroscope tells him the elements of which the stars are composed, The botanist finds the plants at his feet and the trees above his head full of interest. The entomologist, zoologist and geologist enrich the stores of their minds by the study of insects, animals, and fossils. Indeed there is not one of the long list of modern sciences that does not open the eyes of the mind to wonders undreamt of by the uneducated man. Those who have no taste  for science  can enrich their minds with the literary wealth of ancient and modern times, and learn the thoughts of the greatest intellects of  the world  on all manner of subjects. If it is a pleasure to converse with the ordinary men we meet in everyday  life, how much greater is the privilege of reading in  books the  noblest thoughts of such great writers as  Plato, Milton, and Shakespeare. These writers of  world  wide fame, who are not of an age but for all time, are the delight of all  students of literature, and stand apart on the highest pinnacle of glory. But below the very  highest literary rank  there is in every language a large number of excellent writers, whose works are specially adapted to various readers of every age and of every  temperament, so that, whatever our intellectual tastes may be, we are sure to find satisfaction for them in the wide and varied field of  literature. Thus it is that  education, besides being of practical assistance to us in  the struggle of life, enlarges and ennobles the mind and enables us to live as beings endowed with human intellects ought to live.

Macro Economics Analysis Essay Example

Macro Economics Analysis Essay Example Macro Economics Analysis Essay Macro Economics Analysis Essay Essay Topic: Economics Economics 100 Assignment option 2 Lecture: Ms Maria Lantzke Thursday 8. 30 am to 12. 30 pm Table of contents 1. Article summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 3. Analysis .. 3 1. UK Inflation Rate †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Definition of inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Causes of inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2. Consumer price index †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Definition of Consumer price index †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Increasing CPI in UK.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. .5 3. Business cycle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Definition of Business cycle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦.. 6 Business cycle in UK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 3. 4 Interest rate and monetary policy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Expansionary monetary policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Contractionary monetary p olicy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 4. 0 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 5. 0 Reference list †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 1. 0 Article summary This article called â€Å"UK inflation rate rises to 4% in January† was posted on February 15, 2011 by BBC. It displays increased inflation rate in Unites Kingdom. Indeed, The UK Consumer Prices Index (CPI) annual inflation rate rose to 4% in January. This CPI figure picked up highest since November 2008. Monetary policy committee (MPC) is considering a possible increase in the interest rate to try to cool inflation. However there are contrasting opinions about when the Central Bank should increase it. In addition, the article refers to the causes of inflation. Mr. King, the Bank of England governor, recognizes possible causes of inflation in the VAT rise, the fall in the pound and recent rises in commodity prices. However, Chancellor G. Osborne disagrees about the VAT rise as a cause of inflation. Furthermore, in this article there are more others causes of inflation: the high price of petrol and crude oil, global changes in the price of foods and commodities. 2. Introduction This report provides an analysis of inflation in UK with applying some economics theories. The inflation rate picked up 4% in January which is highest since November 2008. In this article there are four main concepts of macroeconomics, such as inflation and CPI, interest rate and monetary policy. The purpose of the report is to describe the economic problems in England, through the analysis of these economics theories. 3. 0 Analysis 3. 1 Inflation rate Inflation is the sustained increase in the general level of prices in the economic (Hubbard et al. 2010). It’s measured by the price level, which measures the average prices of goods and services in the economy. The figure of percentage increase in the price level from one year to next is called inflation rate. In UK, the inflation rate rose above the 2% target. Bank of England governor, Mr. King, believes the inflation will rise towards 5% in the next months and MMC thinks that high inflation is just temporary as it will fall below the target in 3 years. However, Inflation below the target of 2% is judged to be just as bad as inflation above the target. Causes of inflation Inflation is usually categorized as demand-pull or cost-push. Demand-pull inflation is a rise in general price level in the economy caused by an increase in the aggregate demand and production levels are not able to meet the high demand immediately (Hubbard et al. 2010) Cost push inflation is a rise in general price level in the economy caused by a decrease in the aggregate supply of goods and services. Aggregate supply decrease when there is an increase in price of inputs, such as raw materials, equipments, machinery. [pic] Figure 1 Cost-push inflation Figure 1 shows the process of cost-push inflation; 1. The economy is riginally at equilibrium at point A, with the price level P1 and real GDP Y1. 2. A supply shock moves the aggregate supply curve to the left, from SRAS1 to SRAS2, which leads to a fall in real GDP below its potential level and a rise in the price level from P1 to P2 (Hubbard et al. 2010). The article refers to a rise of prices of petrol and crude oil, two essential raw materials, as two causes of inflation. The higher oil price affects others related with it such as cars, factories, any machineries operated by oil. And also mortgage interest payment has been increased from 4. 8% to 5. 1% as Retail Prices Index (RPI). There are no evidences about a rise in demand for goods and services. Therefore UK inflation can be considered cost-push inflation. 3. 2 Consumer price index The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an average of the prices of goods and services purchased by the typical family. CPI is also called â€Å"cost of living index† as it measures the cost to the typical family to buy a representative basket of goods and services. Office for National Statistics (ONS) review â€Å"the â€Å"shopping basket† every year and decide which items taking outside and which bringing in, to reflect changes in the market (Topic guide to: Price Indices and Inflation. . d. ). Despite CPI is the most popular measure of inflation, it has some disadvantages as it cant measure the substitution bias, increase in quality bias, new product bias and outlet bias. . substitution bias: ONS assumes that consumers buy the same quantity of each product in the market basket each month, while consumers are likely to substitute a product, whose price goes up, with a cheaper one. . Increase in quality bias: products can improve in quality and therefore the higher prices will reflect also the higher quality of these products. However CPI cant measure quality of products. New product bias: ONS updates â€Å"the shopping basket† every year, but during this period of time a lot of new products, such as new technology tools, can come out in the market. However new products are not included in CPI. . Outlet bias: many people buy products from discount stores or via internet, while ONS collects price statistics just from traditional full-price retail stores. So CPI cannot always reflect the prices that consumers actually pay. CPI in UK rose to 4% in January, highest record since November 2008. According to the article, â€Å"The price of petrol as measured by the CPI was ? . 27 a liter in January 2011, which the Office for National Statistics said was a record high. † In addition, t here has been an increase in price of food, commodities, costs of transport, furniture, alcohol and UK government rose VAT from 17. 5% to 20% in January. 3. Business cycle Business cycle consists in alternating periods of economic expansion and economic recession. According to the article, UK economy contracted by 0. 5% in the final quarter of 2010, going in recession phase. In the recession phase employment, production and income decrease. Generally, during recession, inflation rate goes down as there is a decline in consumption. As a consequence, firms have problems to sell their products and will not raise prices. However, in UK the inflation is keeping on rising, but MPC believes that inflation is temporary and will be below the target in three years. 4. Interest rate and monetary policy Monetary policy is one of the tools that central banks use to influence economy. Using its monetary authority to control the supply and availability of money, the central banks attempt to influence the overall level of economic activity in line with their objectives. The objectives of the Bank of England are: maintaining price stability – low inflation – and supporting economic growth. Price stability is defined by the Government’s inflation target of 2%. In 1998 Bank of England was recognized independent to set interest rates from the government. The legislation provides that if, in extreme circumstances, the Government has the power to give instructions to the Bank on interest rates for a limited period (Monetary Policy Framework. n. d. ). The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a special committee, which meets monthly to decide the level of interest rates. It is chaired by the Governor of the Bank of England, Mr. King (Monetary Policy Framework. n. d. ). The central bank can decide to undertake expansionary monetary policy or contractionary monetary policy. Expansionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary policy consists on actions taken by the central bank to increase economic growth rate, by decreasing interest rate. Indeed lower interest rate increases real GDP and the aggregate demand as: Lower interest rate causes consumption to increase and discourage people to save money Lower interest rate causes investment to increase as borrowing money will be less expensive. Therefore firms will find convenient borrow money from the banks to engage in new investment projects. As it’s shown, lower interest rate stimulate AG and the new equilibrium of economy will occur at the new potential RGDP. However, as AD and GDP rise, also the price level will rise, increasing inflation. [pic] Figure 2 expansionary monetary policy At the beginning the economy is in equilibrium at point A. During the time, LRAS1 shifts to LRAS2. Without expansionary monetary, AD1 will shift to AD2 (without policy),which is below the potential RGDP. By lowering interest rate, the central bank increase consumption, investment and net export sufficiently to shift AD1 to AD2 (with policy). New equilibrium is at point C. The price level at point C is higher than it would have been without policy. Contractionary monetary policy On the contrary, contractionary monetary policy consists on actions taken by the central bank to reduce too fast economic growth and inflation rate, by increasing interest rate. Higher interest rate causes AD to decrease as: Consumption declines and people find more profitable saving money Investment declines as borrowing money become more expensive for the firms. Therefore firms are not stimulated to do new investment projects. As it’s shown, higher interest rate causes AD to decrease. As a consequence, price level and RGDP will decrease as well, leading to a decline of inflation rate. [pic] Figure 3 Contractionary monetary policy This figure shows an example of contractionary monetary policy. High inflation in UK â€Å"will put pressure on the Bank of England to lift nterest rates to curb accelerating inflation†. As we seen before, increases in interest rate can be an efficient tool to reduce inflation. However contractionary monetary policy is used generally when the economy is growing too fast, but in the case of UK, the economic growth rate decreased by 0. 5%. Therefore, an expansionary monetary policy with low interest rate should help the economy to revitalize as firms and households are willing to spend more and to be engaged in new investments. According to the article â€Å"interest rates have remained so far a historic low of 0. % for the 23rd consecutive month†. 4. 0 CONCLUSION To sum up, the Bank of England is waiting to see the next inflation rate and the government actions, before taking any decisions. The interest rate is still at the low percentage of 0. 5% and the central bank hopes that it helps to turn around the economy. Despite of the Bank’s conviction that inflation is just temporary, it’s estimated an additional rise to about 5%. Therefore an increase in interest rate will occur for sure in the future, but still it’s not certain when it’s the best time to do it. . 0 REFRENCE LIST Hubbard, Anne M. Garnett, Philip Lewis, Anthony Patrick O’Brien. 2010. Essentials of economics. Frenchs Forest, NSW. Pearson Australia. UK Nationl Statisstics, Topic guide to: Pr ice Indices and Inflation. n. d. statistics. gov. uk/hub/economy/prices-output-and-productivity/price-indices-and-inflation/index. html (accessed May 18, 2011) Bank of England, Monetary Policy Framework. n. d. bankofengland. co. uk/monetarypolicy/framework. htm (accessed May 19, 2011)